The Japanese capital still has a comfortable lead as the top Asian city, but Tokyo lags behind the top three cities in terms of Cultural Interaction and Accessibility. Tokyo maintains the fourth-place ranking it has held since the first GPCI in 2008. It is the weakest of the top four cities in Economy, but is ranked in the top five for Livability, Accessibility, Cultural Interaction and Research and Development. Paris has stayed in third place since 2008. In Research and Development, Cultural Interaction and Economy, the city ranks third or higher, but it is held back by poor scores in Livability, Environment and Accessibility. Since surrendering the top spot to London in 2012, New York has remained at second place. As it geared up for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and other major cultural and sporting events, London greatly improved its overall magnetism. London has maintained the top position since 2012, falling within the top three for all functions other than Livability and Environment.
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